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Basic First Aid
There are so many situations
that may come up requiring first aid that it would take a small book to
cover them all. There are, however, a few guidelines that are common to
all first aid situations.
The first rule is to secure the situation and to stay safe. It can be
tempting to rush to help an injured person, but you should always look
over the area for any further hazards before approaching, and make sure
you do not put yourself in danger. If you are hurt while responding to a
medical emergency, you cannot help, and you may become an additional
casualty.
The main guidelines for giving first aid are sometimes referred to as
the ABCs. People who took CPR training in the past may remember these as
Airway, Breathing and Circulation, but they were changed by the
American Heart Association in 2010. The current ABCs are Awake?, Breathing?, and Continue Care:
Awake? – Shake the victim gently
and shout to try to wake them up and get their attention. If they don’t
respond, call 911 immediately, or have another person call if available.
If they are awake, move on to the next step.
Breathing? – Check to see if the
victim is breathing. Are they able to talk or cough, or are they choking
or gasping for air. If the victim is choking and cannot cough, speak,
or breathe, perform the Heimlich maneuver. If the victim wants to go to
the hospital, or is talking but seems confused or disoriented, call 911.
If the victim is not breathing, or is slowly gasping for air, begin CPR
immediately and call, or have someone else call, 911.
Continue Care –
Stay with the victim until help arrives and continue to monitor them
and provide care, if needed. If you are on the phone with 911, then
follow the operator’s instructions. If the victim in unconscious make
sure their airways remain clear. If you are certain there is no head,
neck or spinal injury, you can roll a person passed out face-down onto
their back, or onto their side with their arm under their head: The
first position opens the airways fully, while the second stops them from
choking on vomit, blood, food, or other obstructions. If the victim
stops breathing, begin CPR.
Specific First Aid Techniques:
CPR (for suspected heart attack or stroke)- Kneel by
the victim with the heel of one hand on the victim’s breastbone, even
with the nipple line. Place the other hand over top of it, locking the
fingers together. For adults, give 30 chest compressions, followed by to
breaths, then repeat. If you cannot remember the ratios, you can give
chest compressions only, at a rate of about 2 per second.
The Heimlich Maneuver (for choking) – Standing behind
the victim, wrap your arms around their front, making a fist with your
right hand just above their belly button. Grab the fist with your right
hand and pull it toward you, thrusting inwards and upwards firmly.
Repeat until the object is dislodged and the victim can breathe again,
or until they become unconscious. If they lose consciousness, begin
CPR.
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